Rovers moved back into second place as a result of the victory and will be promoted to the Championship if they can win their last game at Cheltenham next Saturday.
Goalkeeper Dean Brill saved Luton from a thrashing as he pulled off a series of brilliant saves - including four in the first ten minutes.
Doncaster started at a blistering pace playing some scintillating soccer and Paul Green set the pattern when he fired inches wide following an excellent move in the second minute.
Brill came to the rescue when he kept out a near post shot from Matt Mills in the fifth minute and from the resulting corner pulled off a brilliant one-handed save to deny Mills again.
At times it seemed as if only the visiting keeper stood between Rovers and a rugby score and another magnificent save in the ninth minute foiled James Coppinger when he seemed certain to score.
Brill continued to distinguish himself saving a low left-foot shot from Gareth Roberts a couple of minutes later.
The Luton keeper was beaten in the 16th minute after parrying a goalbound header from Mark McCammon, but Sam Hird's follow-up shot struck a defender on the goal-line and bounced to safety.
It was as one-sided as it could get and Brill topped everything in the 20th minute with an incredible instinctive save to prevent Gareth Taylor from scoring after he had raced clean through and blasted the ball on target.
But the home side were not to be denied and the breakthrough finally came in the 34th minute after another phenomenal save by Brill.
The Luton keeper managed to tip away a bullet like header from McCammon with his fingertips, but the ball fell to the feet of Mills who could not miss from point blank range with Brill helpless.
Doncaster lost their grip in the second half as Luton tried to hit back with Stephen O'Leary and Calvin Andrew managing to land their side's first shots on target.
But Doncaster clinched victory nine minutes from time when Roberts crossed from the right and McCammon sent a glancing header past Brill's despairing dive.